Essential of Linguistics

Book Description: This Open Educational Resource (OER) brings together Open Access content from around the web and enhances it with dynamic video lectures about the core areas of theoretical linguistics (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics), supplemented with discussion of psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic findings. Essentials of Linguistics is suitable for any beginning learner of linguistics but is primarily aimed at the Canadian learner, focusing on Canadian English for learning phonetic transcription, and discussing the status of Indigenous languages in Canada. Drawing on best practices for instructional design, Essentials of Linguistics is suitable for blended classes, traditional lecture classes, and for self-directed learning. No prior knowledge of linguistics is required.

1. About the Book

2. About the Author

3. Acknowledgements

4. Acknowledgements: eCampusOntario

5. I. Chapter 1: Thinking Like a Linguist

   1. 1. 1.1 Linguistics is Science

   2. 2. 1.2 Mental Grammar

   3. 3. 1.3 Creativity and Generativity

   4. 4. 1.4 Fundamental Properties of Language

   5. 5. 1.5 Language Change in Progress

   6. 6. Practice Time

   7. 7. Summary

6. II. Chapter 2: Producing Speech Sounds

   1. 8. 2.1 How Humans Produce Speech

   2. 9. 2.2 Articulators

   3. 10. 2.3 Describing Speech Sounds: the IPA

   4. 11. 2.4 IPA symbols and speech sounds

   5. 12. 2.5 Sonority, Consonants, and Vowels

   6. 13. 2.6 Classifying Consonants

   7. 14. 2.7 Classifying Vowels

   8. 15. 2.8 Diphthongs

   9. 16. 2.9 Various Accents of English

   10. 17. 2.10 Classifying Signs

   11. 18. Practice Time

   12. 19. Summary

7. III. Chapter 3: Transcribing Speech Sounds

   1. 20. 3.1 Broad and Narrow Transcription

   2. 21. 3.2 IPA for Canadian English

   3. 22. 3.3 Stress and Suprasegmental Information

   4. 23. 3.4 Syllable Structure

   5. 24. 3.5 Syllabic Consonants

   6. 25. 3.6 Aspirated Stops in English

   7. 26. 3.7 Articulatory Processes: Assimilation

   8. 27. 3.8 Other Articulatory Processes

   9. 28. 3.9 Transcribing Casual Speech

   10. 29. 3.10 Transcribing Vowels in Canadian English

   11. 30. Practice Time

   12. 31. Summary

8. IV. Chapter 4: Speech Sounds in the Mind

   1. 32. 4.1 Phonemes and Contrast

   2. 33. 4.2 Allophones and Predictable Variation

   3. 34. 4.3 Phonetic Segments and Features

   4. 35. 4.4 Natural Classes

   5. 36. 4.5 Phonological Derivations

   6. 37. 4.6 Phonological Derivations in Everyday Speech

   7. 38. 4.7 Phonological Derivations in Canadian English and Canadian French

   8. 39. Practice Time

   9. 40. Summary

9. V. Chapter 5: Learning Sounds

   1. 41. 5.1 How Babies Learn the Phoneme Categories of Their Language

   2. 42. 5.2 How Adults Learn Phoneme Categories in a New Language

   3. 43. 5.3 Attitudes about Accents

   4. 44. Practice Time

   5. 45. Summary

10. VI. Chapter 6: Word Forms

    1. 46. 6.1 Words and Morphemes

    2. 47. 6.2 Allomorphs

    3. 48. 6.3 Inflectional Morphology

    4. 49. 6.4 Derivational Morphology

    5. 50. 6.5 Inflectional Morphology in Some Indigenous Languages

    6. 51. 6.6 Creating New Words

    7. 52. Summary

    8. 53. Practice Time

11. VII. Chapter 7: Combining Words

    1. 54. 7.1 Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives: Open Class Categories

    2. 55. 7.2 Compound Words

    3. 56. 7.3 Closed Class Categories (Function Words)

    4. 57. 7.4 Auxiliaries

    5. 58. 7.5 Neurolinguistics: Syntactic Category Differences in the Brain

    6. 59. Practice Time

    7. 60. Summary

12. VIII. Chapter 8: Forming Sentences

    1. 61. 8.1 Tree Diagrams

    2. 62. 8.2 X-bar Phrase Structure

    3. 63. 8.3 Constituents

    4. 64. 8.4 Sentences are Phrases

    5. 65. 8.5 English Verb Forms

    6. 66. 8.6 Subcategories

    7. 67. 8.7 Grammatical Roles

    8. 68. 8.8 Adjuncts

    9. 69. 8.9 Move

    10. 70. 8.10 Wh-Movement

    11. 71. 8.11 Do-Support

    12. 72. 8.12 Psycholinguistics: Traces in the Mind

    13. 73. Practice Time

    14. 74. Summary

13. IX. Chapter 9: Sentence Structure and Meaning

    1. 75. 9.1 Ambiguity

    2. 76. 9.2 Events, Participants, and Thematic Roles

    3. 77. 9.3 Thematic Roles and Passive Sentences

    4. 78. 9.4 Neurolinguistics: Using EEG to Investigate Syntax and Semantics

    5. 79. 9.5 Neurolinguistics and Second Language Learning

    6. 80. Practice Time

    7. 81. Summary

14. X. Chapter 10: More about Meaning

    1. 82. 10.1 Elements of Word Meaning: Intensions and Extensions

    2. 83. 10.2 Intensions in the Mind

    3. 84. 10.3 Psycholinguistics of Word Meanings

    4. 85. 10.4 Deixis: Meaning that depends on context

    5. 86. Practice Time

    6. 87. Summary

15. XI. Chapter 11: Indigenous Languages

    1. 88. 11.1 Indigenous Languages and the Legacy of Residential Schools

    2. 89. 11.2 Preserving Mohawk

    3. 90. 11.3 Learning Mohawk

    4. 91. 11.4 Mohawk Culture and Language

    5. 92. 11.5 Creating Materials for Teaching Mohawk 

    6. 93. 11.6 Speaking Mohawk and Reconciliation

    7. 94. 11.7 The Future of Indigenous Languages in Canada

    8. 95. Practice Time

    9. 96. Summary

16. XII. Back Matter Test

    1. 97. Testing Keys

17. References

18. Keys