Anatomy & Physiology

Book Description: An adapted version of the OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology (https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology) with revised content and artwork, Open Oregon State, Oregon State University.
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1. Chapter 1. An Introduction to the Human Body

   1. 1.0 Introduction

   2. 1.1 How Structure Determines Function

   3. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body

   4. 1.3 Homeostasis

   5. 1.4 Anatomical Terminology

   6. 1.5 Medical Imaging

2. Chapter 2. The Chemical Level of Organization

   1. 2.0 Introduction

   2. 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter

   3. 2.2 Chemical Bonds

   4. 2.3 Chemical Reactions

   5. 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning

   6. 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning

3. Chapter 3. The Cellular Level of Organization

   1. 3.0 Introduction

   2. 3.1 The Cell Membrane

   3. 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles

   4. 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication

   5. 3.4 Protein Synthesis

   6. 3.5 Cell Growth and Division

   7. 3.6 Cellular Differentiation

4. Chapter 4. The Tissue Level of Organization

   1. 4.0 Introduction

   2. 4.1 Types of Tissues

   3. 4.2 Epithelial Tissue

   4. 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects

   5. 4.4 Muscle Tissue

   6. 4.5 Nervous Tissue

   7. 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging

5. Chapter 5. The Integumentary System

   1. 5.0 Introduction

   2. 5.1 Layers of the Skin

   3. 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin

   4. 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System

   5. 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System

6. Chapter 6. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System

   1. 6.0 Introduction

   2. 6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System

   3. 6.2 Bone Classification

   4. 6.3 Bone Structure

   5. 6.4 Bone Formation and Development

   6. 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair

   7. 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue

   8. 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems

7. Chapter 7. Axial Skeleton

   1. 7.0 Introduction

   2. 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System

   3. 7.2 Bone Markings

   4. 7.3 The Skull

   5. 7.4 The Vertebral Column

   6. 7.5 The Thoracic Cage

   7. 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton

8. Chapter 8. The Appendicular Skeleton

   1. 8.0 Introduction

   2. 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle

   3. 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb

   4. 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis

   5. 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb

   6. 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton

9. Chapter 9. Joints

   1. 9.0 Introduction

   2. 9.1 Classification of Joints

   3. 9.2 Fibrous Joints

   4. 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints

   5. 9.4 Synovial Joints

   6. 9.5 Types of Body Movements

   7. 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints

   8. 9.7 Development of Joints

10. Chapter 10. Muscle Tissue

    1. 10.0 Introduction

    2. 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues

    3. 10.2 Skeletal Muscle

    4. 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation

    5. 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension

    6. 10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers

    7. 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance

    8. 10.7 Smooth Muscle Tissue

    9. 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue

11. Chapter 11. The Muscular System

    1. 11.0 Introduction

    2. 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists

    3. 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force

    4. 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles

    5. 11.4 Identify the skeletal muscles and give their origins, insertions, actions and innervations

12. Chapter 12. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

    1. 12.0 Introduction

    2. 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System

    3. 12.2 Nervous Tissue

    4. 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue

    5. 12.4 Communication Between Neurons

    6. 12.5 The Action Potential

13. Chapter 13. The Peripheral Nervous System

    1. 13.0 Introduction

    2. 13.1 Sensory Receptors

    3. 13.2 Ganglia and Nerves

    4. 13.3 Spinal and Cranial Nerves

    5. 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS

    6. 13.5 Ventral Horn Output and Reflexes

    7. 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams)

    8. 13.7 The Cranial Nerve Exam

14. Chapter 14. The Central Nervous System

    1. 14.1 Embryonic Development

    2. 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation

    3. 14.3 The Brain and Spinal Cord

    4. 14.4 The Spinal Cord

    5. 14.5 Sensory and Motor Pathways

15. Chapter 15. The Special Senses

    1. 15.1 Taste

    2. 15.2 Smell

    3. 15.3 Hearing

    4. 15.4 Equilibrium

    5. 15.5 Vision

16. Chapter 16. The Autonomic Nervous System

    1. 16.0 Introduction

    2. 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

    3. 16.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis

    4. 16.3 Central Control

    5. 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System

17. Chapter 17. The Endocrine System

    1. 17.0 Introduction

    2. 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System

    3. 17.2 Hormones

    4. 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

    5. 17.4 The Thyroid Gland

    6. 17.5 The Parathyroid Glands

    7. 17.6 The Adrenal Glands

    8. 17.7 The Pineal Gland

    9. 17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones

    10. 17.9 The Pancreas

    11. 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions

    12. 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System

18. Chapter 18. The Cardiovascular System: Blood

    1. 18.0 Introduction

    2. 18.1 Functions of Blood

    3. 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements

    4. 18.3 Erythrocytes

    5. 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets

    6. 18.5 Hemostasis

    7. 18.6 Blood Typing

19. Chapter 19. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart

    1. 19.0 Introduction

    2. 19.1 Heart Anatomy

    3. 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity

    4. 19.3 Cardiac Cycle

    5. 19.4 Cardiac Physiology

    6. 19.5 Development of the Heart

20. Chapter 20. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

    1. 20.0 Introduction

    2. 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels

    3. 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance

    4. 20.3 Capillary Exchange

    5. 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System

    6. 20.5 Circulatory Pathways

    7. 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation

21. Chapter 21. The Lymphatic and Immune System

    1. 21.0 Introduction

    2. 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

    3. 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response

    4. 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types

    5. 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies

    6. 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens

    7. 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses

    8. 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology

22. Chapter 22. The Respiratory System

    1. 22.0 Introduction

    2. 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System

    3. 22.2 The Lungs

    4. 22.3 The Process of Breathing

    5. 22.4 Gas Exchange

    6. 22.5 Transport of Gases

    7. 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions

    8. 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System

23. Chapter 23. The Digestive System

    1. 23.0 Introduction

    2. 23.1 Overview of the Digestive System

    3. 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation

    4. 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

    5. 23.4 The Stomach

    6. 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder

    7. 23.6 The Small and Large Intestines

    8. 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look

24. Chapter 24. Metabolism and Nutrition

    1. 24.0 Introduction

    2. 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions

    3. 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism

    4. 24.3 Lipid Metabolism

    5. 24.4 Protein Metabolism

    6. 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body

    7. 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance

    8. 24.7 Nutrition and Diet

25. Chapter 25. The Urinary System

    1. 25.0 Introduction

    2. 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney

    3. 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron

    4. 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview

    5. 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration

    6. 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

    7. 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient

    8. 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition

    9. 25.8 Urine Transport and Elimination

    10. 25.9 The Urinary System and Homeostasis

26. Chapter 26. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

    1. 26.0 Introduction

    2. 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments

    3. 26.2 Water Balance

    4. 26.3 Electrolyte Balance

    5. 26.4 Acid-Base Balance

    6. 26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

27. Chapter 27. The Sexual Systems

    1. 27.0 Introduction

    2. 27.1 Anatomy of Sexual Systems

    3. 27.2 Development of Sexual Anatomy

    4. 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System

    5. 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System

    6. 27.5 Physiology of Arousal and Orgasm

28. Chapter 28. Development and Inheritance

    1. 28.0 Introduction

    2. 28.1 Fertilization

    3. 28.2 Emb